This reading is from "The Papyrus of Ani," translated by E.A. Wallis Budge.

Morality is a part of culture, a large part of culture. The early civilizations were not monkeys in caves they were fully formed Homo Sapiens sapiens with as much, if not more, capacity for thought than you or I.

The Egyptian Book of the Dead is an insight into that morality just as the Koran, Torah, Bible, and other works are for us today.

For a transcript of the reading please go to Mr. Keatley's Primary Source Page.

This Podcast is from Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, 3rd edition. Edited by F.A. Speiser and James B. Oritchard.

This short reading attempts to show some of the imbalances in this law system. The credo eye for an eye is true but only if you can see level with the person you offended or were offended by. The treatment of women, slaves and the poor under the Code are very interesting to say the least.

Here you will find Codes 215-220, these deal with surgeons and how they must bill a patient and the penalty for "messing up."

Please check out the transcript of this reading located at Mr. Keatley's Primary Source Page.